Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an influential movement promoting world peace. The conferences are a series of meetings, workshops, and discussion groups that aim to encourage scientists to take responsibility for the invention of nuclear weapons and to try to limit the threat that these weapons pose. The conferences bring together influential scholars and public figures from all over the world. Conference members aim to reduce the danger of armed conflict and seek to solve global problems through cooperation. The Pugwash Movement has become one of the world's most influential organizations and has influenced a number of treaties leading to nuclear disarmament. These treaties include the Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), and the Biological Weapons Convention and Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) (1972). The Pugwash Conferences also helped in the scientific aspects of negotiations leading to the Antiballistic Missile Treaty of SALT I in 1972, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1993, and the end of the Cold War in the early 1990's. In 1995, the Pugwash Conferences were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for peace, along with Joseph Rotblat, a Polish-born British physicist who was secretary-general of the conferences from 1957 to 1973 and was president from 1988.