Karle, Jerome (1918-...), an American chemist, won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1985 for his work in X-ray crystallography, a technique for discovering the structure of a crystalline material by scattering X rays from it. He shared the prize with another American scientist, Herbert Hauptmans (see Hauptman, Herbert Aaron). The X rays are strengthened or weakened according to the angle at which they are scattered and the positions of the atoms from which they are deflected. Scientists can determine the crystal structure by a mathematical analysis of the pattern of the X rays. Karle and Hauptman greatly improved the mathematical methods of analysis.